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A 3D-Printed Ceramics Innovative Firing Technique: A Numerical and Experimental Study

2023-09-15Artigo científico Acesso aberto
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datacite.subject.fosCiências Naturais::Ciências Físicas
datacite.subject.fosCiências Naturais::Outras Ciências Naturais
datacite.subject.sdg09:Indústria, Inovação e Infraestruturas
datacite.subject.sdg12:Produção e Consumo Sustentáveis
dc.contributor.authorSantos, Tiago
dc.contributor.authorRamani, Melinda
dc.contributor.authorDevesa, Susana
dc.contributor.authorBatista, Catarina
dc.contributor.authorFranco, Margarida
dc.contributor.authorDuarte, Isabel
dc.contributor.authorCosta, Luís
dc.contributor.authorFerreira, Nelson
dc.contributor.authorAlves, Nuno
dc.contributor.authorPascoal-Faria, Paula
dc.date.accessioned2026-10-23T17:16:25Z
dc.date.available2026-10-23T17:16:25Z
dc.date.issued2023-09-15
dc.description.abstractAdditive manufacturing (AM), also known as three-dimensional (3D) printing, allows the fabrication of complex parts, which are impossible or very expensive to produce using traditional processes. That is the case for dinnerware and artworks (stoneware, porcelain and clay-based products). After the piece is formed, the greenware is fired at high temperatures so that these pieces gain its mechanical strength and aesthetics. The conventional (gas or resistive heating elements) firing usually requires long heating cycles, presently requiring around 10 h to reach temperatures as high as 1200 °C. Searching for faster processes, 3D-printed stoneware were fired using microwave (MW) radiation. The pieces were fired within 10% of the conventional processing time. The temperature were controlled using a pyrometer and monitored using Process Temperature Control Rings (PTCRs). An error of 1.25% was calculated between the PTCR (1207 ± 15 °C) and the pyrometer (1200 °C). Microwave-fast-fired pieces show similar mechanical strength to the references and to the electrically fast-fired pieces (41, 46 and 34 (N/mm2), respectively), presenting aesthetic features closer to the reference. Total porosities of ~4%, ~5% and ~9% were determined for microwave, electrically fast-fired and reference samples. Numerical studies have shown to be essential to better understand and improve the firing process using microwave radiation. In summary, microwave heating can be employed as an alternative to stoneware conventional firing methods, not compromising the quality and features of the processed pieces, and with gains in the heating time.eng
dc.description.sponsorshipAcknowledgments: The authors acknowledge the support of the PRR project INOV.AM – Inovação em Fabricação Aditiva, Operation code 02-C05-i01.01-2022.PC644865234-00000004, the Generative.thermodynamics project, and the support of the project i3N, UIDB/50025/2020 and UIDP/50025/2020, financed by national funds through the FCT/MEC. The authors also acknowledge the support of the projects UIDB/00481/2020 and UIDP/00481/2020-Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia; and CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-022083-Centro Portugal Regional Operational Programme (Centro2020), under the PORTUGAL 2020 Partnership Agreement, through the European Regional Development Fund. This work was presented at the ICDDMAP2021 (International Conference on Direct Digital Manufacturing And Polymers) on 22nd of May of 2021, and at the MATERIAIS 2022 congress (XX Congresso da Sociedade Portuguesa de Materiais, XI International Materials Symposium and II IBERIAN CONGRESS ON MATERIALS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY) on 12th of April of 2022. Funding: This work was financially supported by the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia FCT/MCTES (PIDDAC) through the following projects: UIDB/04044/2020; UIDP/04044/2020; Associate Laboratory ARISE LA/P/0112/2020; INOV.AM – Inovação em Fabricação Aditiva, PRR project 02-C05-i01.01-2022.PC644865234-00000004; and Stimuli2BioScaffold—Stimuli modelling for BioScaffolds: from numerical modelling to in vitro tests PTDC/EMESIS/32554/2017, co-financed by COMPETE2020 under the PT2020 programme and MATIS (CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-000014-3362).
dc.identifier.citationSantos, T.; Ramani, M.; Devesa, S.; Batista, C.; Franco, M.; Duarte, I.; Costa, L.; Ferreira, N.; Alves, N.; Pascoal-Faria, P. A 3D-Printed Ceramics Innovative Firing Technique: A Numerical and Experimental Study. Materials 2023, 16, 6236. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16186236.
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/ma16186236
dc.identifier.eissn1996-1944
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10400.8/17129
dc.language.isoeng
dc.peerreviewedyes
dc.publisherMDPI
dc.relationInstitute of Nanostructures, Nanomodelling and Nanofabrication
dc.relationInstitute of Nanostructures, Nanomodelling and Nanofabrication
dc.relationCentre for Mechanical Technology and Automation
dc.relationCentre for Mechanical Technology and Automation
dc.relationCentre for Rapid and Sustainable Product Development
dc.relationCentre for Rapid and Sustainable Product Development
dc.relation.hasversionhttps://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/16/18/6236
dc.relation.ispartofMaterials
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
dc.subject3D printing
dc.subjectceramics
dc.subjectstoneware
dc.subjectnumerical analysis
dc.subjectsintering technology
dc.subjectmicrowave firing
dc.titleA 3D-Printed Ceramics Innovative Firing Technique: A Numerical and Experimental Studyeng
dc.typejournal article
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oaire.citation.endPage22
oaire.citation.issue18
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Additive manufacturing (AM), also known as three-dimensional (3D) printing, allows the fabrication of complex parts, which are impossible or very expensive to produce using traditional processes. That is the case for dinnerware and artworks (stoneware, porcelain and clay-based products). After the piece is formed, the greenware is fired at high temperatures so that these pieces gain its mechanical strength and aesthetics. The conventional (gas or resistive heating elements) firing usually requires long heating cycles, presently requiring around 10 h to reach temperatures as high as 1200 °C. Searching for faster processes, 3D-printed stoneware were fired using microwave (MW) radiation. The pieces were fired within 10% of the conventional processing time. The temperature were controlled using a pyrometer and monitored using Process Temperature Control Rings (PTCRs). An error of 1.25% was calculated between the PTCR (1207 ± 15 °C) and the pyrometer (1200 °C). Microwave-fast-fired pieces show similar mechanical strength to the references and to the electrically fast-fired pieces (41, 46 and 34 (N/mm2), respectively), presenting aesthetic features closer to the reference. Total porosities of ~4%, ~5% and ~9% were determined for microwave, electrically fast-fired and reference samples. Numerical studies have shown to be essential to better understand and improve the firing process using microwave radiation. In summary, microwave heating can be employed as an alternative to stoneware conventional firing methods, not compromising the quality and features of the processed pieces, and with gains in the heating time.
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