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- Application of hierarchical model of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in sports: A systematic reviewPublication . Viveiros, Bernardo; Jacinto, Miguel; Couto, Nuno; Cid, Luís; Matos, Rui; Amaro, Nuno; Antunes, Raul; Monteiro, DiogoGiven the increase in sedentary lifestyles and physical inactivity, various psychosocial approaches have been used to combat this epidemic. Several studies have used Self-Determination Theory (SDT) as a theoretical framework for studying behavioral change, as well as the Hierarchical Model of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation (HMIEM) which, based on SDT, aims to explain how different levels of generality can be responsible for behavioral consequences. The aim was to investigate the associations between the variables that make up the HMIEM model applied to the context of physical exercise (gym exercisers). Following the PRISMA protocol and the PECOS strategy, the Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus databases were used to search for experimental and non-experimental studies written in English. Seven studies were considered for analysis and subjected to a methodological quality assessment The results showed that the variables that make up the social factors (e.g., supportive/thwarting behaviors) tend to be associated with satisfaction of basic psychological needs (BPN) (r = 0.51, p < 0.01; r = −0.73, p < 0.01) and with frustration of BPN (r = −0.39, p < 0.01; r = 0.78, p < 0. 01), BPN satisfaction and frustration tend to be associated with autonomous forms of motivation (r = 0.57, p < 0.01; r = −0.63, p < 0.01) and controlled forms of motivation (r = −0.76, p < 0.01; r = 0.46, p < 0.01) and autonomous and controlled forms of motivation are associated with behavioral consequences (e.g., intention) (r = 0.19, p < 0.01; r = −0.17, p < 0.01). This systematic review covers interpersonal behaviors and the bright and dark sides of SDT, showing that the positive alignment between the psychosocial determinants that make up the horizontal axis of the HMIEM is fundamental for adherence to and maintenance of sustainable physical exercise practices, and future studies should now address these issues in a longitudinal manner and perhaps move on to study the vertical axis of the HMIEM.
- Marine heatwave effects on Pacific oyster (Magallana gigas Thunberg, 1793) growth, condition, soft body colour, and texturePublication . Lourenço, Rodrigo Pereira; Alexandra Pereira Lourenço , Sílvia; Joaquina da Cunha Pinheiro, Maria; Margarida Paulino Violante , AnaThe Pacific oyster Magallana gigas is a highly sought-after seafood, considered a superfood and delicacy worldwide. Most of the oyster market supply comes from aquaculture, despite that, this sector faces increasing threats due to climate change. Marine heatwave events have become more frequent, causing widespread mass mortality events. Even when marine heatwaves aren’t severe enough to cause such a deadly impact, sublethal effects may be noticed, specifically in growth performance and quality. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a simulated heatwave on M. gigas growth, condition, and flesh colour and texture. Additionally, a complementary trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of traditional handling practices on the same parameters. In both studies, oysters were obtained at Exporsado and maintained in two identical RAS, separating the control and experimental groups. In oysters subjected to handling practices, a higher condition index was observed compared to the control (11.03% higher), alongside a tendency for improved shell growth, although no statistical significance was observed. A slight decrease in textural properties was observed under handling conditions, while colourimetry analysis revealed a subtle yet consistent shift, resulting in a darker flesh tone (10.31% lower in Luminosity). In the heatwave experiment, the experimental group was exposed for 10 days to a simulated heatwave event of 24ºC, with a gradual increase from and subsequent return to 18ºC. In the experiment where handling was evaluated, light tumbling was applied alongside desiccation periods, periodically throughout the course of 30 days. To evaluate effects, morphological, conditioning, colourimetric and texturometrical data were collected in both groups during the two trials. Oysters exposed to the simulated heatwave showed reduced growth (less 5.42% in height and less 8.45% in weight) and lower condition indices, particularly in the AFNOR index, compared to the control treatment (less 28,72%). Soft tissues' properties were also affected, with altered colourimetric patterns and lower texture values observed in the heatwave treatment. These results demonstrate that both handling practices and marine heatwave events influence M. gigas growth, condition, and soft tissue colour and texture. Furthermore, these findings highlight that handling practices may enhance performance, while also highlighting the importance of sublethal effects associated with Marine heatwave events in oyster aquaculture.
- Phase-specific force–time adaptations in basketball jump shots under environmental constraintsPublication . Amaro, Catarina M.; Mendes, Rui; Castro, Maria António; Rice, Hannah; Gomes, Beatriz B.This study examined whether task-related and environmental constraints influence the vertical ground reaction force (vGRF) waveform during the basketball jump shot, with a focus on phase-specific adaptations across shooting positions. Eighteen senior basketball players performed jump shots from three shooting positions (45° right, middle, 45° left) under three conditions: baseline, simulated defensive opposition, and simulated gym audience noise. vGRF signals were recorded using a force platform and time-normalized to 0–100% of the movement cycle. One-dimensional Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) was applied using a hierarchical region-of-interest (ROI) approach, focusing on the unweighting, braking, and propulsive phases. Group-level effects were tested using a two-way SPM{F} ANOVA (Constraint × Position). Exploratory intra-individual SPM{t} analyses were conducted to examine athlete-specific adaptations. No significant main effects of constraint or position, and no constraint × position interactions were observed at the group level in any ROI (α = 0.05). Exploratory intra-individual analyses revealed heterogeneous, athlete-specific adaptations to external constraints and shooting position, predominantly during the braking and propulsive phases, with substantial variability in the timing and presence of significant clusters across athletes. The results indicate that experienced basketball players preserve a stable force–time organization during the jump shot despite environmental and task-related constraints. While group-level mechanical patterns remain invariant, individual athletes may exhibit phase-specific adaptations that do not generalize across the population. These findings underscore the importance of hierarchical and individualized analytical approaches for understanding skilled performance and support the use of ROI-based SPM for the biomechanical analysis of complex movement tasks.